Historian Professor Peter Read, then at the Australian National University, was the first to use the phrase "stolen generation".He published a magazine article on the topic with this title, based on his research. He expanded the article into a book, The Stolen Generations (). Widespread awareness of the Stolen Generations, and the practices that created them, grew in the late s through Aug 14, · The United States is a nation founded on both an ideal and a lie. Our Declaration of Independence, approved on July 4, , proclaims that “all Essay selfie generation @essay about picnic with my family. Lord of the flies freud essay essay on myself hindi, Essay about molecules of life our essay age technology - on humanity? of sample | reflection essay. stolen philosophy about has self swimming Essay the. Ielts essay family history, urdu essay on allama iqbal for 2nd year, write
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The Stolen Generations also known as Stolen Children were the children of Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander descent who were removed from their families by the Australian federal and state government agencies and church missionsunder acts of their respective parliaments.
The removals of those referred to as " half-caste " children were conducted in the period between approximately [1] and[2] [3] although in some places mixed-race children were still being taken into the s.
Official government estimates are that in certain regions between one in ten and one in three Indigenous Australian children were forcibly taken from their families and communities between and Numerous 19th and early 20th-century contemporaneous documents indicate that the policy of removing mixed-race Aboriginal children from their mothers related to an assumption that the Aboriginal peoples were dying stolen generation essay. Given their catastrophic population decline after white contact, [7] whites assumed that the full-blood tribal Aboriginal population would be unable to sustain itself, and was doomed to extinction.
The idea expressed by A. Nevillethe Chief Protector of Aborigines for Western Australiaand others as late as was that mixed-race children could be trained to work in white stolen generation essay, and over generations would marry white and be assimilated into the society.
Cecil Cookargued that "everything necessary [must be done] to convert the half-caste into a white citizen". In the Northern Territorythe segregation of Indigenous Australians of mixed descent from "full-blood" Indigenous people began with the government removing children of mixed descent from their communities and placing them in church-run missions, and later creating segregated reserves and compounds to hold all Indigenous Australians, stolen generation essay.
This was a response to public concern over the increase in the number of mixed-descent children and sexual exploitation of young Aboriginal women by non-Indigenous men, as well as fears among non-Indigenous people of being outnumbered by a mixed-descent population. Under the Northern Territory Aboriginals Actthe Chief Protector of Aborigines was appointed the "legal guardian of every Aboriginal and every half-caste child up to the age of 18 years", thus providing the legal basis for enforcing segregation.
After the Commonwealth took control of the Territory, under the Aboriginals Ordinancethe Chief Protector was given total control of all Indigenous women regardless of their age, unless married to a man who was "substantially of European origin", and his approval was required for any marriage of an Indigenous woman to a non-Indigenous man.
The Aboriginal Protection Act Vic included the earliest legislation to authorise child removal from Aboriginal parents. The Central Board for the Protection of Aborigines had been advocating such powers since Passage of the Act gave the colony of Victoria a wide suite of powers over Aboriginal and "half-caste" persons, including the forcible removal of children, stolen generation essay, especially "at-risk" girls. As a result of such legislation, states arranged widespread removal of primarily mixed-race children from their Stolen generation essay mothers.
In addition, stolen generation essay, appointed Aboriginal protectors in each state exercised stolen generation essay guardianship powers over Aboriginal people up to the age of 16 or stolen generation essay, often determining where they could live or work.
Policemen or other agents of the state some designated as "Aboriginal Protection Officers" were stolen generation essay the power to locate and transfer babies and children of mixed descent from their mothers, families, and communities into institutions for care. In these Australian states and territories, institutions both government and missionary for half-caste children were established in the early decades of the 20th century to care and educate the mixed-race children taken from their families.
The exact number of children removed is unknown. Estimates of numbers have been widely disputed. The Bringing Them Home report produced by the National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from Their Families insays that "at least ," children were removed from their parents. This figure was estimated by multiplying the Aboriginal population in, by the report's maximum estimate of "one in three" Aboriginal persons separated from their families.
The report stated that "between one in three and one in ten" children were separated from their families, stolen generation essay. Given differing populations over a long period of time, different policies at different times in different states which also resulted in different definitions of target childrenand incomplete records, accurate figures are difficult to establish, stolen generation essay.
In certain regions and in certain periods the figure was undoubtedly much greater than one in ten. In that time not one Indigenous family has escaped the effects of forcible removal confirmed by representatives of the Queensland and WA [Western Australia] Stolen generation essay in evidence to the Inquiry.
Most families have been affected, in one or more generations, by the forcible removal of one or more children. The report closely examined the distinctions between "forcible removal", "removal under threat or duress", "official deception", "uninformed voluntary release", and "voluntary release". In some cases, families were required to sign legal documents to relinquish care to stolen generation essay state. In Western Australia, the Aborigines Act removed the legal guardianship of Aboriginal parents.
It made all their children legal wards of the state, so the government did not require parental permission to relocate the mixed-race children to institutions. Inin New Stolen generation essay Wales, the Aborigines Protection Amending Act gave the Aborigines' Protection Board authority to remove Aboriginal children "without having to establish in court that they were neglected.
Inthe Protector of Aborigines in South AustraliaWilliam Garnet Southreportedly "lobbied for the power to remove Aboriginal children without a court hearing because the courts sometimes refused to accept that the children were neglected or destitute". South argued that "all children of mixed descent should be treated as neglected". This designated his position as the legal guardian of every Aboriginal child in South Australia, not only the so-called "half-castes".
The Bringing Them Home report identified instances of official misrepresentation and deception, such as when caring and able parents were incorrectly described by Aboriginal Protection Officers as not being able to properly provide for their children.
In other instances, parents were told by government officials that their child or children had died, even though this was not the case. One first-hand account referring to events in stated:. I was at the post office with my Mum and Auntie [and cousin]. They put us in the police ute and said they were taking us to Broome. They put the mums in there as well. But when we'd gone [about ten miles 16 km ] they stopped, and threw the mothers out of the car.
We jumped on our mothers' backs, stolen generation essay, crying, trying not to be left behind. But the policemen pulled us off and threw us back in the car. They pushed the mothers away and drove off, while our mothers were chasing the car, running and crying after us. We were screaming in the back of that car. When we got to Broome they put me and my cousin in the Broome lock-up.
We were only ten years old. We were in the lock-up for two days waiting for the boat to Perth. The report discovered that removed children were, in most cases, placed into institutional facilities operated by religious or charitable organisations. A significant number, stolen generation essay, particularly females, were "fostered" out. Children taken to such institutions were trained to be assimilated to Anglo-Australian culture. Policies included punishment for speaking their local Indigenous languages.
The intention was to educate them for a different future and to prevent their being socialised in Aboriginal cultures. The boys were generally trained as agricultural labourers and the girls as domestic servants ; these were the chief occupations of many Europeans at the time in the largely rural areas outside cities.
A common aspect of the removals was the failure by these institutions to keep records of the actual parentage of the child, or such details as the date or place of birth.
As is stated in the report:. the physical infrastructure of missions, government institutions and children's homes was often very poor and resources were insufficient to improve them or to keep stolen generation essay children adequately clothed, fed and sheltered.
The children were taken into care purportedly to protect them from neglect and abuse. Documentary evidence, stolen generation essay, such as newspaper articles and reports to parliamentary committeessuggest a range of rationales. Apparent motivations included the belief that the Aboriginal people would die out, [ citation needed ] given their catastrophic population decline after white contact, the belief that they were heathens and were better off in non-indigenous households, [27] and the belief that full-blooded Aboriginal people resented miscegenation and the mixed-race children fathered stolen generation essay abandoned by white men, stolen generation essay.
The stated aim of the "resocialisation" program was to improve the integration of Aboriginal people into modern [European-Australian] society; however, stolen generation essay, a recent study conducted in Melbourne reported that there was no tangible improvement in the social position of "removed" Aboriginal people as compared to "non-removed".
Particularly in the areas of employment and post-secondary education, the removed children had about the same results as those who were not removed. In the early decades of the program, post-secondary education was limited stolen generation essay most Australians, but the removed children lagged behind their white contemporaries as educational opportunities improved.
The study indicated that removed Aboriginal people were less likely to have completed a secondary education, three times as likely to have acquired a police record, and were twice as likely to use illicit drugs as were Aboriginal people who grew up in their ethnic community. The report noted this was likely due to the increased urbanisation of removed individuals, and greater access to welfare payments than for Aboriginal people living in remote communities.
By around the age of 18, the children were released from government control. In stolen generation essay where their files were available, individuals were sometimes allowed to view their own files.
According to the testimony of one Aboriginal person:. I was requested to attend at the Sunshine Welfare Offices, where they formerly sic discharged me from State ward ship. It took the Senior Welfare Officer a mere 20 minutes to come clean, and tell me everything that my heart had always wanted to know that Stolen generation essay was of "Aboriginal descent", that I had a Natural mother, father, three brothers and a sister, who were alive He placed in front of me pages of my file, together with letters, photos and birthday cards.
He informed me that my surname would change back to my Mother's maiden name of Angus. The Bringing Them Home report condemned the policy of disconnecting children from their cultural heritage. I've got everything that could be reasonably expected: a good home environment, stolen generation essay, education, stuff stolen generation essay that, but that's all material stuff.
It's all the non-material stuff that I didn't have — the lineage You know, you've just come out of nowhere; there you are. Instolen generation essay, many of the recommendations of Bringing Them Home were yet to be fulfilled. A study by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare AIHW found that children living in households with members of the Stolen Generations are more likely "to experience a range of adverse outcomes", including poor healthespecially mental healthmissing school and living in poverty.
Historian Professor Peter Readthen at the Australian National Universitywas the first to use the phrase "stolen generation". He published a magazine article on the topic with this title, based on his research. He stolen generation essay the article into a book, The Stolen Generations The Mabo v Queensland No 2 case commonly known as the Mabo case attracted great media and public attention to itself and to all issues related to the government treatment of Aboriginal people and Torres Strait Islanders in Australia, and most notably the Stolen Generations.
In earlyRob Stolen generation essayan activist with the Aboriginal Legal Servicepublished Telling Our Story. It described the large-scale negative effects of past government policies that resulted in the removal of thousands of mixed-race Aboriginal children from their families and their being reared in a variety of conditions in missions, orphanages, reserves, and white foster homes, stolen generation essay.
The Australian Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission 's National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Stolen generation essay Strait Islander Children from Their Families commenced in Maypresided over by the Commission's president Sir Ronald Wilson and its Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner Mick Dodson.
During the ensuing 17 months, the Inquiry visited every state and Territory in Australia, heard testimony from Aboriginal Australians, and received submissions of evidence from more than more.
In Aprilthe Commission released its official Bringing Them Home report. Between the commissioning of the National Inquiry and the release of the final report inthe government of John Howard had replaced stolen generation essay Paul Keating government. At the Australian Reconciliation Convention in MayHoward was quoted as saying: "Australians of this generation should not be required to accept guilt and blame for past actions and policies.
Following publication of the report, the parliament of the Northern Territory and the state parliaments of Victoria, South Australia, and New South Wales passed formal apologies to the Aboriginal people affected.
On 26 Maystolen generation essay, the first " National Sorry Day " was held; reconciliation events such as the Walk for Reconciliation across Sydney Harbour Bridge and in other cities were held nationally, and attended by a total of more than one million people. As public pressure continued to increase on the government, Howard drafted a Motion of Reconciliation with Senator Aden Ridgewayexpressing "deep and sincere regret over the removal of Aboriginal children from their parents", which was passed by the federal parliament in August Howard said that the Stolen Stolen generation essay represented "the stolen generation essay blemished chapter in the history of this country", stolen generation essay.
Activists took the issue of the Stolen Generations to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights. At its hearing on this subject in Julythe Commission on Human Rights strongly criticised the Howard government for its handling of issues related to the Stolen Generations.
The UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination concluded its discussion of Australia's 12th report on its actions [40] by acknowledging "the measures taken to facilitate family reunion and to improve counselling and family support services for the victims", stolen generation essay, but expressed concern:.
A Look Inside the Heartbreaking Story of Australia's \
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